Nov. 30 — Some planes are meant to accomplish something new and great;
some are meant to perform a modest task over and over again,
without fail, thousands of times. And some airplanes, regardless of original
purpose, change the way we think about flying. Aviation halls of
fame mostly honor aviators — not aircraft. So, with the help of readers,
we’ve selected 10 planes that shaped modern aviation, and 10
runners-up that also played a major role.
1. DOUGLAS DC-3
Claim to fame: Defined commercial aviation.
It wasn’t fast and it wasn’t glamorous, but the durable DC-3 set the
template for commercial aviation as we know it. Its origins were
pragmatic, all the way back to the day in 1935 when American Airlines convinced
Donald Douglas to build an aircraft that could accommodate
sleeping berths and more passengers. Other airline executives quickly appreciated
the plane’s flexibility and affordability and filled out their fleets
with DC-3s.
Customers clamored for seats and executives willingly paid for its fold-down
sleeper beds and luxury service. But as the Depression deepened,
the Douglas Sleeper Transport model was reconfigured to pack in 28 passengers.
The DC-3’s affordable tickets and proven safety record
convinced Americans who had never flown before to take to the air. And with
the DC-3 priced at about $120,000, half the cost of other
transports, airlines could buy more planes and add new routes. Soon the airlines
were showing some of their first profits ever — proof that
flying could in fact make money.
The DC-3 first flew on Dec. 17, 1935. It was valued for its ability to make
air travel comfortable to passengers and profitable to airlines.
Thousands of C-47s (the military version of the DC-3) went into service during
World War II; they ferried supplies and troops around
the globe and even entered combat. Many Allied soldiers got their first plane
ride in a C-47, a memory that would linger as they returned
to civilian life after the war. The Axis powers even built knockoff versions
of the trusty Gooney Bird.
After the war, the airlines built up their fleets again with DC-3s and surplus
C-47s, sometimes buying them for just a few thousand dollars.
As the airlines developed hub systems, DC-3s remained mainstays of commercial
fleets and survived in mainline service well into the jet era.
Dozens remain in service today.
With its remarkable flying record and comfortable ride, the DC-3 demonstrated
that air travel could be for everyone.
History has largely borne that out.
Runner up: Boeing 747.
Claim to fame: Flew more passengers farther than ever before. Made it possible
to quickly travel almost anywhere.
As jets became popular in the 1960s, fares dropped and airlines wanted to carry
more passengers over longer distances. Pan Am pressed
Boeing for a plane that would push the limits of passenger travel. Boeing tweaked
plans for a massive military transport and turned out the
747 in just over two years.
The first wide-body passenger jet, the 747-100 could carry nearly 500 passengers
across 6,000 miles. Its modern incarnation, the 400 series,
remains the largest passenger plane ever assembled. (The Airbus A380 will take
that crown when it enters service in 2006.) With the 747, the
farthest distances on Earth became just a day’s flight away.
2. BOEING 707
Claim to fame: First major success of the jet age. Set template for most commercial
jetliners.
The first U.S. commercial jet aircraft, the 707 — and its oft-overlooked
prototype, the 367-80 (“Dash 80”) — has been the basis for every
Boeing jet since the Dash 80’s maiden flight in 1954.
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The Boeing 707 wasn't the first commercial jet produced -- that honor goes to
the de Havilland Comet -- but it quickly set an industry standard.
Pan Am founder Juan Trippe spurred a race in October of that year when he commissioned
20 707s, along with a couple dozen DC-8s.
Both jets were successful, but the 707’s use on Oct. 26, 1958, for the
first U.S. transatlantic service was key to its enduring fame. The production
line, which ran until 1991, turned out over 1,000 707s — along with hundreds
of its military equivalent, the KC-135 tanker, demand for which
helped get the 707 built. A special model, the VC-137, in 1962 became the the
first plane commissioned to serve as Air Force One. Versions
of the 707 continue to fly regular cargo service today. Its cruise speed near
550 mph still approximates the standard speeds for modern jets.
Runner-up: Boeing 737.
Claim to fame: World’s most-produced jetliner.
The 737 represents today what the DC-3 used to: Air travel that’s safe,
cost-effective and immensely popular. If you’ve ever flown on an
airplane, chances are it was on a 737. Originally conceived as a shorter-range
jet that would complement the 727, modern versions can now
provide transcontinental and intercontinental service. Its affordability prompted
the creation of low-fare airlines like Southwest. With more than
4,000 having rolled off the assembly line, the 737 is now the default for short-
and medium-haul flights around the world. The six-abreast seating
and scant legroom of most current configurations may be a far cry from the luxury
that once defined jet travel, but that too is why the 737 is a
symbol of modern air travel.
3. BELL X-1
Claim to fame: First piloted supersonic aircraft.
A plane built for superlatives, the X-1 didn’t disappoint. It was still
known as the XS-1 on Oct. 14, 1947, when pilot Chuck Yeager took the first
of two aircraft built for the program by Bell Aircraft (with a rocket engine
from Reaction Motors) on the ninth powered flight of the Air Force’s joint
test program with NACA (the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, NASA’s
precursor). Few other single flights have ever been as
important.
Painted bright orange to make it more visible to others flying above the California
high desert, Chuck Yeager named this plane for his wife --
"Glamorous Glennis" -- and piloted it beyond the sound barrier.
Dropped from the belly of a B-29 bomber at 21,000 feet, Yeager hit the thrusters
and shot upward. At 42,000 feet he fought past control
instability at .92 Mach and watched the airspeed indicator pop off the scale
— to 1.06 Mach, officially becoming the first man to travel faster
than the speed of sound.
Other models like the X-1A would carry pilots over 70,000 feet and Mach 2, but
Yeager’s moment would never be trumped. The X-1 set the
path for modern military aviation and space flight, along with commercial aircraft
that would break the sound barrier for anyone who could afford
to ride it.
Runner-up: North American X-15.
Claim to fame: World’s fastest airplane. Only aircraft to fly itself into
space.
The world’s first hypersonic airplane (built to travel over five times
the speed of sound), the X-15 was created for research. It proved itself on
199 flights from 1959 to 1968 and its rocket systems propelled pilots up to
speeds as high as Mach 6.7 (4,520 mph) and over 354,000 feet,
some 67 miles high. That exceeded the U.S. definition for flying into space,
which meant X-15 pilots could qualify as astronauts. At least one
man who flew the X-15 would go on to even higher speeds and more glory: Neil
Armstrong. The X-15 research helped create the space shuttle
and will be crucial to future space plane development.
4. BOEING B-17
Claim to fame: Helped the Allies win the war in Europe. Set a standard for military
bombers.
The prototype to what would become the Flying Fortress initially lost out to
the Douglas B-18 in competition. But after Germany invaded
Poland in 1939, orders began rolling into Boeing from a nervous Washington and
from the Royal Air Force in Britain.
The B-17 was developed to meet the Army's request for a large bomber that could
cover long distances.
Unlike most bombers before it, the B-17 could fly high (35,000 feet) and fast
(nearly 300 mph), and as rear turrets and manned rotating
bottom turrets were added, it could at least help to defend itself, though fighter
escorts proved crucial.
Perhaps most important, it could drop 6,000 pounds of bombs at a distance of
1,100 miles from its base — which gave it a key role
(along with the long-range B-24) in raids on Berlin, Dresden and Rome. Though
more than 12,000 were produced, most B-17s were
scrapped after the war — largely relegating the planes’ flying days
to the memories of the men who flew them.
Runner-up: Boeing B-29.
Claim to fame: Helped the Allies win the war in the Pacific.
Even as the B-17 went into production, the U.S. government asked for a bomber
with even more range. Building on the successful concepts
of the B-17, Boeing created a new plane that could go twice as far (2,200 miles)
and carry even more bombs. The Superfortress didn’t fly its
first mission until 1944, but American generals quickly amassed fleets of the
B-29 within bombing range of Tokyo; on some missions, over 1,000
B-29s were sent to bomb the Japanese capital.
Of more than 4,000 B-29s built, one retains a certain notoriety: the Enola Gay,
which released the first nuclear bomb over Hiroshima on
Aug. 6, 1945.
5. NORTH AMERICAN P-51
Claim to fame: Heroic air power in World War II.
The British were originally responsible for the P-51 Mustang (their designation)
when they commissioned a new fighter in 1940, to be built by
North American Aviation from an original Curtiss blueprint. U.S. officials took
two to evaluate and eventually were won over. By war’s end,
the NAA factory — a model of efficiency — had turned out some 15,000
of these versatile planes, which in just two years took down nearly
5,000 enemy aircraft in the European theater, more than any other aircraft.
The P-51 Mustang is seen in July 1945.
Initially, its flight performance was unspectacular. Then the P-51B model was
fitted with powerful Rolls-Royce V12 Merlin engines which
catapulted the plane over 400 mph, with a service ceiling of nearly 42,000 feet.
The P-51’s real value was as a bomber escort: Crews of B-17s and B-24s
found the Mustang an essential “little friend” that could pick off
Luftwaffe fighters prowling the edges of bomber formations. Its long-range cruise
capabilities allowed it to join the bombers on runs from
British bases. That dazzling performance and power earned it another nickname:
“Cadillac of the Sky.”
Runner-up: Supermarine Spitfire.
Claim to fame: A versatile fighter-bomber throughout the war.
Though American aircraft won much of the glory, the various designs of the British
Spitfire proved invaluable throughout the war.
Eventually able to top 400 mph, the plane’s elliptical wings and maneuverability
pushed the edges of Allied technology and were an able
match for Germany’s powerful Messerschmitt fighters and their fuel-injected
engines. Spitfires were essential in almost every major
engagement, including the Battle of Britain and D-Day.
6. CURTISS JN-4 JENNY
Claim to fame: First mass-produced airplane. First U.S. airmail service.
A slow, if solid, plane that redlined near 75 mph, the Jenny never found combat
glory. But thousands of these sturdy biplanes were used
for military training; most U.S. and Canadian pilots in World War I trained
on them.
The Jenny had many uses in World War I, but its real fame came after the war.
In May 1918, a Jenny fitted with a more powerful Hispano-Suiza engine inaugurated
the first U.S. airmail run. Jennys and other Curtiss
aircraft soon became the backbone of the Post Office’s service.
Thousands of of Jennys were produced during the war. As peace returned, the
Army sold off many for surplus, dirt-cheap, and pilots
grabbed them up. If you were a pilot in the early days of flying, a Jenny was
likely your first plane. (It certainly was for Charles Lindbergh.)
Jennys could soon be found almost everywhere as daredevil pilots spread airplane
gospel in the barnstorming years of the 1920s. During
those years, many Americans got their first glimpse of a flying machine when
a Jenny appeared overhead.
Runner-up: Vickers Vimy.
Claim to fame: First nonstop transatlantic flight.
Designed as a World War I bomber, the Vickers Vimy was put into service in 1919,
too late for much use in the war. But just 14 days
before the signing of the Treaty of Versailles, British flyers John Alcock and
Arthur Whitten Brown took their Vimy from the Newfoundland
coast to a crash landing in Galway, completing the first successful nonstop
crossing of the Atlantic Ocean, nearly 2,000 miles in just over 16
hours. In December 1919, the Vimy went on to win an England-to-Australia air
race and again proved its amazing endurance.
Charles Lindbergh’s Ryan NYP — “The Spirit of St. Louis,”
that is — was specifically built for his long overwater flight. With a
periscope
instead of a windshield, it helped Lindbergh perform his extraordinary feat
but had little adaptability for other uses. The Vimy completed a
similar feat eight years earlier with only small changes to its original configuration.
7. MESSERSCHMITT ME-262
Claim to fame: First production jet aircraft. First jet fighter.
Though the experimental Heinkels He-178 — the world’s first jet aircraft
— first flew in 1939, Germany showed little interest in turbine
technology until several years later. Berlin eventually turned its attention
to jets, but engineers couldn’t get a prototype of the Me-262 into
the air before mid-1941 and couldn’t start full production until 1944 —
too late for jets to play a major role in the war.
This Messerschmitt 262A-1 is shown resting on the runway of Wright Field in
Dayton, Ohio in 1945, after being surrendered by a civilian
test pilot at Rehin-am-Main, Germany.
In combat, the Me-262 was less than impressive. The Luftwaffe never managed
to have more than a couple hundred battle-ready at a time
and its pilots often found they could have either impressive speed (over 500
mph) or accurate targeting, but not both. Its engines gulped fuel
and the Me-262 was more often a target on the ground than a predator in the
sky.
Though U.S. engineers had been working on their own jet fighter, the Lockheed
P-80, in the waning years of the war, the advances made in
Willi Messerschmitt’s factories were scrutinized by the Allies after the
fall of the Reich. Those designs helped pave the way for many of the
jet fighters that have staked claim on the skies in the 70 years since the Me-262
was developed.
Runner-up: Boeing B-52.
Claim to fame: A versatile cornerstone of U.S. military power.
Born out of the end of World War II, with the Army Air Corps looking for a bomber
that could fly farther and with more bombs than
Convair’s massive B-36, the B-52 Stratofortress was destined for a completely
new type of fight. By the time the first production B-52
was delivered to Strategic Air Command in 1955, the Cold War was under way and
the eight-engined bomber’s payload was to be
nuclear. For the next four decades, B-52s constantly patrolled the skies on
alert for any Soviet threat, the keystone of the U.S. strategy
of nuclear deterrence.
Over the years, both the missions and the aircraft evolved. The Air Force also
wanted B-52s for reconnaissance and for payloads of
conventional bombs. The Arc Light program brought the B-52 to the skies over
Vietnam, from which they could level large swaths of jungle.
In-flight refueling allowed the BUFF (Big Ugly Fat Fellow, an apt moniker for
a half-million-pound aircraft) to fly nonstop for over a day,
striking targets around the world from bases on U.S. soil. It rained munitions
on Saddam Hussein’s Republican Guard in the first Gulf war,
was key to air support in Afghanistan and helped military planners carry off
their “shock and awe” assault on Baghdad last March. Newer
technology has arrived, but has never supplanted the B-52.
8. CESSNA SINGLE-ENGINE AIRCRAFT
Claim to fame: The planes that gave many pilots their wings.
Clyde Cessna’s company had been building utilitarian aircraft since 1927,
but in 1946 he unveiled his 120 and 140 models: high-wing,
lightweight, two-seaters that could be used for personal transport. With the
Depression and the war behind them, aviation entrepreneurs
figured Americans would soon take to the skies in their aerial versions of the
family car. A popular four-seat version, the 170, came two
years later and Cessnas’ fabric surfaces were converted to metal.
A Cessna 182 departs on a search mission, one of the innumerable uses for this
versatile series of small planes.
It’s likely the Cessna Aircraft Company had no idea what it was unveiling
in 1956 when it replaced the tailwheel 170 with the tricycle-gear
172 Skyhawk, and three years later, upgraded the 140 into a new model, the two-seat
150.
The Skyhawk went on to become the most-sold aircraft in general aviation. Hundreds
of thousands of pilots have learned to fly behind the
controls of a 150 or 172; any pilot you meet has probably flown one. More powerful
models, like the 182 Skylane and the 206 Stationair,
are in wide use by private pilots and companies. Cessna even produces a 12-seat
single-engine prop, the Grand Caravan, for commuter
and cargo airlines. Though liability concerns halted its single-engine production
from 1986 to the mid-1990s, pilots today can still buy a
new Skyhawk nearly 50 years after it was first designed.
Runner-up: Piper Cub.
Claim to fame: An invaluable small airplane for over 70 years.
Long before the Cessna factory began churning out personal airplanes, the Taylor
Brothers Aircraft Company was tinkering with designs
sufficient to power a two-seat trainer. William Piper bought out the firm and
by 1936, the J-2 Cub was in steady production. Soon after,
the J-3 was unveiled. It was modest, with a 65 h.p. Lycoming engine and a top
speed slightly above 80 mph.
But as hints of war emerged in the late 1930s, the J-3 Cub was chosen for the
Civilian Pilot Training program and eventually put into the
war for scouting and light transport. Thousands of Cubs rolled out of the factory
— over 14,000 by the end of production in 1947. Most
military pilots in the war got their first training in a Cub.
Though Piper hoped to market the Cub to pilots coming home from the war, sales
fizzled. But thousands of Cubs remained in service for
decades and many still fly, offering passengers a fun-filled glimpse at aviation’s
past.
9. BOEING B314
Claim to fame: First transatlantic passenger airplane. Most luxurious airplane
in passenger service.
If the DC-3 and 737 shaped what air travel has become, Boeing’s Clipper
ships represent what might have been.
The B314 Clippers were the epitome of luxurious travel, but their economics
didn't mesh with airlines' postwar plans.
Pan Am chief Juan Trippe was determined to cross both oceans by air, and throughout
the 1930s he pushed aircraft makers to build him huge
flying boats for the task. The China Clipper (a Martin M-130) had begun flying
passengers across the Pacific in 1936, but Pan Am wanted a
bigger craft with a longer range.
Boeing responded with the B314, which would be the largest passenger craft until
the 747 was introduced nearly three decades later. Its four
1,200 h.p. engines could carry 74 passengers over 3,500 miles at 183 mph.
More importantly, it could carry them in unparalleled luxury. With two decks
(one just for the crew), it contained a dining room where
four-star hotels catered meals from a fully stocked galley, separate dressing
rooms for men and women and a private suite in the rear.
Overnight flights provided berths for 40 passengers.
The Clippers launched the first passenger service across the Atlantic on June
28, 1939, from New York to Southampton, England.
A one-way ticket cost $375. Franklin Roosevelt became the first sitting president
to fly when a Clipper carried him to the an 1943 Allied
summit in Casablanca. (Winston Churchill also arrived on a B314, his preferred
airplane.)
Limited passenger service continued through World War II, even as the military
took over most of Pan Am’s 12 Clippers. But after the war,
interest in the high-priced luxury of a Clipper flight was replaced by demand
for more efficient, cheaper land-based models. The era of flying
boats, and of true luxury for air travelers, was over.
Runner-up: Lockheed Constellation
Claim to fame: Last of the piston-engine passenger craft. One of the most stylish
airplanes ever built.
Though early versions were used during the war, Lockheed’s Constellation
and Super Constellation got their real start in 1946 when they
were put to use on both domestic and international routes.
Able to cruise well over 300 mph, it made long-range flights feel routine. Lockheed’s
final version, the 1649 “Starliner,” was easily able to
reach Europe from most U.S. cities.
The Connie could breed both love and frustration. Use of the troubled Wright
Cyclone engine led to frequent flame-outs and failures —
including one engine that fell off on a transatlantic Pan Am flight to London.
But its sleek, refined looks matched the aesthetics of the times
and many consider it the most beautiful airplane ever constructed.
But by the time airlines got the Starliner in 1956, jet travel had become the
clear future of passenger aviation and the Connie’s time was up.
10. LOCKHEED SR-71
Claim to fame: Fastest and highest-flying production aircraft.
Since its predecessor A-12 was tested in 1962 and revealed to the world in 1964,
the SR-71 “Blackbird” and its family of aircraft — once
shrouded in Cold War secrecy — have become renowned for speed and sheer
power. Yet much of what they achieved during high-flying
reconnaissance missions remains a mystery.
The SR-71 Blackbird undergoes testing on May 23, 1995, near Edwards Air Force
Base, Calif.
The experimental X-15 went higher and faster, but no other plane in production
has equaled the SR-71. It could reach Mach 3.3
(setting a record at nearly 2,200 mph) and climb to 85,000 feet — a testament
to a design mandate that it should be able to peer into the
Soviet Union without flying into Russian airspace. In 1974, the SR-71 set several
seemingly unbeatable speed records, including a
New York-London run in under two hours.
The Air Force was forced to cancel the Blackbird program in 1990, then brought
them back briefly in the mid-90s before they were
permanently retired. NASA also flew versions of the SR-71 for research, first
during the 1970s and then again in the 1990s, before
ending flights in 2001.
Forty years after it was engineered, its speed and altitude records remain unparalleled.
Runner-up: Lockheed C-130
Claim to fame: A life-saving airlift that can land almost anywhere.
Big, bulky and never glamorous, the C-130 and its variants have provided a half-century
of unfailing service into some of the most
hostile places on Earth. It can carry over 41,000 pounds of people and cargo
and has been used for every imaginable task — from resupplying
the DEW line in the Arctic to evacuating casualties in Vietnam. A C-130 was
the first plane to land after U.S. troops stormed the Baghdad airport
earlier this year.
Outside of military service, the Hercules flies cargo operations and even firefighting
missions for the U.S. Forest Service. In other configurations,
it has served as an air tanker (KC-130), flying command-and-control center (EC-130)
and hard-hitting gunship (AC-130). Loaded at nearly over
150,000 pounds, it can still land in about 2,000 feet — an astounding feat
for an aircraft its size. No runway? No problem — the C-130 can ease
onto a dirt strip.
Like the B-52, it serves as proof that the most durable technology doesn’t
need to be new.
